Runway incursion avoidance

Objective: the student will be introduced to what runway incursions are and how to avoid them.

Completion Standards: the student will explain some of the ways to avoid a runway incursion from engine start to landing.

References: AC 91-73B, PHAK Ch14 Pg30, AFH Ch 2 and 10

Equipment: White Board and markers, iPad/ computer 

IP’s Actions:

• Assess student

• State the objective and completion standards

• Writes down references

• Provide attention getter

• Present content

• Assessment

• Assign Homework

SP’s Actions:

• Take notes

• Ask Questions

Introduction: 

(Attention Getter) : (Link goes here)

Motivation: (Discuss purpose for lesson and relate to Attention getter)

Overview:

1. Taxi Operation Uniqueness

2. Cockpit Activities

3. Steering and Maneuvering 

4. Importance of Hold Lines

5. Landing/ Rollout

6. Airports with Control Towers

7. Airports Without a Control Tower

8. Exterior Lighting/ Night Operations

Content:

KDAB doing cross country KCRG(Complex intersection) KGNV(inter RWY)

Taxi instructions

Start at R4 on Foreflight 

Taxi 7R Via E P W S Hold Short 7L

KCRG

1. Landing runway 32

2. Taxi via A to 32

   1. HOT SPOT 1

KGNV

1. Landing runway 07

   1. Exit Left C

   2. Taxi Via A to runway 7

2. HOT Spots/ complex intersections

Background:

Categories of runway incursions:

• Category A

  • Is a serious incident in which a collision was narrowly avoided.

• Category B 

  • Is an incident in which separation decreases and there is a significant potential for collision, which may result in a time critical corrective/evasive response to avoid a collision.

• Category C 

  • Is an incident characterized by ample time and/or distance to avoid a collision.

• Category D 

  • Is an incident that meets the definition of runway incursion such as incorrect presence of a single vehicle/person/aircraft on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft but with no immediate safety consequences.

Types:

• Pilot deviations

• Operational

  • ATC

• Vehicles

  • Ops Vehicles

Runway Incursion Severity

Runway Incursion severityAvailable Reaction TimeEvasive of Corrective ActionEnvironmental ConditionsSpeed of Aircraft and/or VehicleProximity of Aircraft and/or Vehicle

Runway Incursion categoriesCategory DCategory CCategory BCategory AAccidentIncident that meets the definition of runway incursion such as incorrect presence of a single vehicle/person/aircraft on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft but with no immediate safety consequences.An incident characterized by ample time and/or distance to avoid a collision.An incident in which separation decreases and there is a significant potential for collision, which may result in a time critical corrective/ evasive response to avoid a collision.A serious incident in which a collision was narrowly avoided.An incursion that resulted in a collision

Taxi Operation Uniqueness

Sterile Flight Deck

• To minimize distractions

  • From passengers

  • Cell phones

1. Be aware of the airplane’s position and be aware of other aircraft and vehicle operations on the airport

2. Review the Taxi Diagrams as part of preflight planning, before landing, and while taxiing as needed

3. Know airport signage

4. Request progressive taxi instructions from ATC when unsure of the taxi route

5. When landing, clear the runway as soon as possible, and wait for taxi instructions before moving

6. Check for traffic before crossing any runway hold line and before entering a taxiway

7. Write down complex taxi instructions at unfamiliar airports

8. Turn on aircraft lights and the rotating beacon or strobe lights when taxiing

Hot Spots

SHOW KDAB Chart Supplement

• A hot spot is a location on an airport movement area with a history or potential risk of collision or runway incursion

• Complex Intersections

Flight Deck Activities

During taxiing including taxi route planning, briefing the location of hot spots, communicating, and coordinating with ATC. 

Minimize workload during taxi operations

Direct attention to essential tasks while taxiing

Before taxi checklist

When heads down stop aircraft (similar to driving while texting)

Sterile Cockpit

From taxi through climb: keep focus on taxiing and ATC. Don’t use cell phones or have conversations with others—​avoid anything unnecessary to the duties of flight.

Preview and Briefing

Route planning

• Airport diagram

• Review expected routes

Preview

• Write down ATC taxi instructions (to prevent mistakes)

• Ask ATC for help if confused, or ask for progressive taxi

Briefing

• Review and brief hot spots, 

  • Stay alert in those areas

    • they are the most common accident areas. 

• Brief the route.

Taxiing near other aircrafts

• “Continuous loop” process to monitor and update progress/location.

• Know your present location

  • Mentally calculate the next location on the route that will require increased attention (e.g. crossing traffic, hot spot, etc.)

• Understand clearances issued to 

  • pilots, 

  • other aircraft, 

  • vehicles. 

• Be especially vigilant with aircraft with similar call signs 

  • Avoid inadvertently executing clearance for another aircraft.

Steering and Maneuvering 

Using rudder to maintain centerline control

Using correct crosswind correction

Maintaining position

• Always have current airport diagram on hand

  • ​monitor location and route.

• If uncertain of location, stop and ask for help. 

  • Don’t stop on a runway. 

• Low visibility conditions

  • use everything available (airport diagram, heading indicator, airport signs, markings and lighting). 

• Brief requirements and special considerations before taxi 

  • be alert if ATC states to hold short of the ILS critical area line.

Importance of Hold Lines. 

• Indicate where aircraft should stop when approaching a runway.

• Unauthorized crossing may result in an incursion with landing/departing traffic 

  • (higher speed = more hazardous incursion).

• Approaching hold lines from solid side

  • ​do not cross without clearance.

• Approaching hold lines from dashed side 

  • Cross and stop once fully past solid lines.

• Make sure no one is on approach when entering Runway

Landing/ Rollout

• When landing on runway that crosses/approaches another runway

  • Brief the situation.

  • Understand where you will stop, what taxiways are appropriate, any hotspots.

  • Taxi slow, don’t exit at high speeds.

• If stopped between parallel runways, 

  • only cross after clearance. 

  • Don’t cross the solid side of hold short lines without clearance.

• After landing

  • Ensure that the entire aircraft (including tail section) has crossed over the hold short line

  • entire aircraft is clear of the runway safety area. 

    • If unable because of adjacent parallel runway’s hold short line, stop and advise ATC.

  • nonessential communications/pilot actions 

    • should not be initiated until clear of the runway.

Airports with Control Towers

• Use standard ATC phraseology at all times to facilitate clear and concise communication. 

• State who you are, where you are, and what you want, when making initial contact with any controller. 

• Focus on ATC clearance

  • don’t perform any nonessential tasks while communicating with ATC. 

• Read back all clearances.

Airports Without a Control Tower

• Planning:

  • Be familiar with local traffic pattern direction and pattern altitude. 

  • During calm wind conditions, 

    • flight ops may occur at more than one runway. 

  • Aircraft may be using an IAP to runways other than the VFR ops runway. 

  • Be alert, communicate intentions on CTAF, listen for other aircraft ops.

• Maintain situational awareness

  • ​be aware of the route, know where you are at all times.

• Not all aircraft are radio-equipped

  • ​before entering/crossing a runway,

    •  listen on CTAF for inbound traffic,

  • Scan the full length of the runway, 

    • including the final approach/departure paths of runways that you will enter/cross.

• Monitor/communicate on CTAF from engine start, taxi, and until 10 miles from airport.

Exterior Lighting/ Night Operations

Exterior lights—​used to make aircraft more conspicuous on airport surface.

• Engines running

  • ​turn on rotating beacon any time an engine is running.

• Taxiing

  • prior to commencing taxi, 

    • turn on navigation, position, anti-collision lights. 

    • Turn on taxi light when moving/intending to move on ground, 

    • turn it off when stopped or yielding or as a consideration to others.

  • Don’t use strobe lights if they will adversely affect the vision of others.

• Crossing a runway

  • ​use all exterior lights.

• Entering departure runway for takeoff or LUAW—

  • ​turn on all lights except landing lights.

• Takeoff—

  • Turn landing lights on when receiving takeoff clearance, or

  •  when commencing takeoff roll at an airport without an operating control tower.

• At night, and when cleared to LUAW,

  •  line up slightly off the centerline to enable a landing aircraft to differentiate you from the runway lights.

• Be cautious at night—

  • ​reduced visibility makes taxiing more difficult. 

  • Ensure you remain on assigned taxi route (easier to get confused/miss a turn). 

  • Taxi slower, give yourself time to stop if something suddenly appears in range of sight (animal, debris, etc.), 

  • look closely for taxiway markings (especially hold short lines). 

  • Use taxiway edge lights/signs to maintain position.

Conclusion

1. Taxi Operation Uniqueness

2. Cockpit Activities

3. Steering and Maneuvering 

4. Importance of Hold Lines

5. Landing/ Rollout

6. Airports with Control Towers

7. Airports Without a Control Tower

8. Exterior Lighting/ Night Operations

(Questions to assess student)

What should we be doing prior to taxiing?

What should we be doing while taxiing?

What is the importance of holding short lines?

What can happen when entering a runway with out clearance?

Controlled VS uncontrolled?

Night Vs Day?

HW: 

Look over runway incursion in PHAK and AFH